C Programing Tutorial

1. Introduction to C

What is C Programming?

• History of C.

• Importance and applications (e.g., operating systems, embedded systems).

Key Features of C:

• Low-level access to memory.

• Simple and efficient.

• Platform-independent (through compilers).

2. Setting Up the Environment

Installing C Compiler:

• GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) setup.

• IDE options: Code::Blocks, Dev-C++, or VS Code.

Writing Your First Program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

printf("Hello, World!");

return 0;

}

3. Basics of C Programming

• Structure of a C Program

  • Preprocessor directives, main() function, and code blocks.

• Data Types and Variables

  • Basic types: int, float, char, double.

  • Declaration and initialization.

  • Example:

int age = 25;

float height = 5.9;

char grade = 'A';

• Input and Output

  • Using scanf() and printf().

  • Example:

int num;

printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%d", &num);

printf("You entered: %d\n", num);

4. Operators and Expressions

• Arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment, and miscellaneous operators.

• Example:

int a = 5, b = 3;

printf("Sum: %d\n", a + b);

printf("Is a greater? %d\n", a > b);

5. Control Statements

• Conditional Statements:

  • if, if-else, and switch-case.

  • Example:

int num = 10;

if (num > 0)

printf("Positive number\n");

else

printf("Negative number\n");

• Loops:

  • for, while, do-while.

  • Example:

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

printf("Count: %d\n", i);

}

6. Arrays and Strings

• Arrays:

  • Declaration, initialization, and accessing elements.

  • Example:

int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%d ", arr[i]);

}

• Strings:

  • Introduction to char arrays and string functions (strlen, strcpy).

  • Example:

char name[20];

printf("Enter your name: ");

scanf("%s", name);

printf("Hello, %s\n", name);

7. Functions

• Defining and Calling Functions

  • Example:

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

}

int main() {

int sum = add(5, 3);

printf("Sum: %d\n", sum);

return 0;

}

• Pass by Value and Pass by Reference.

• Recursion.

8. Pointers

• Basics of Pointers:

  • Definition, syntax, and usage.

  • Example:

int a = 10;

int *p = &a;

printf("Value: %d, Address: %p\n", *p, p);

• Pointer Arithmetic and Applications.

9. Structures and Unions

• Defining and Using Structures:

struct Student {

int id;

char name[50];

float marks;

};

• Unions and Differences from Structures.

10. Dynamic Memory Allocation

• Using malloc, calloc, realloc, and free.

• Example:

int *ptr;

ptr = (int*)malloc(5 * sizeof(int));

if (ptr != NULL) {

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

ptr[i] = i * 10;

free(ptr);

}

11. File Handling

• Reading and writing files using fopen, fclose, fprintf, fscanf.

• Example:

FILE *fptr;

fptr = fopen("data.txt", "w");

fprintf(fptr, "Hello, File!");

fclose(fptr);